NETWORK TOPOLOGY :
NETWORK: Two or more computers are connected in such a way that information can be exchanged between them is called 'Network'.
What Is Topology And Its Type?
A map showing how computers are connected to each other is called 'Network Topology'. Types of Network Topologies Bus Topology. Different computers are connected by a single main cable is called 'Bus Topology'.
Disadvantage: If there is a fault in the main cable, the bus topology will be disrupted. Ring Topology Ring topology is also called 'Circular Topology'. In a circular ring where all the computers are connected with a single cable, it is called 'Ring Topology'. Disadvantage: In case of failure of one of the computers, information cannot be exchanged. Star Topology The most widely used topology is 'Star Topology'. All computers are connected through a central device 'Hub'. Disadvantage: If there is a fault in the hub, the information is not exchanged. Mesh Topology. The most fault tolerant topology. Each computer is independently connected to each other.
The most expensive and complex topology is . In mesh topology n number of devices are connected to each other then total number of dedicated links required to connect them = Tree Topology Another name of Tree Topology is 'Extended Star Topology'. Tree topology has more than one hub. Quins axes : PA HYBRID TOPOLOGY. Topology formed by combination of more than one topology is called 'Hybrid Topology'
Network Media :
The medium required by computers in a network to exchange information is called 'network medium'. Network media (A Wired Media Coaxial Cable. Twisted Pair Cable. Optical Fiber Cable Ethernet Cable Twisted Pair Cable is made by twisting two different copper wires. This type of table includes Four Pair cable wires. Usage: Telephone line and LAN RJ (Registered Jack) connectors are attached to both ends of this cable. RJ-11 connectors are used for telephone. RJ-45 connectors are used for LAN. UTP A wired Media (Unshielded Twisted pair) Twisted Pair Cable Types of Coxial Cable This type of cable consists of a plastic insulating sheath over the main copper wire.Thin Net (Range: 185 m) B) Wireless Media Infrared Wave • Radio Wave. Micro Wave • Satellite Communication This net has a main plastic insulating cover. Uses: Radio frequency transmission as well as T.V. Connection (for sending signals over long distances) BNC (Bayonet Neill-Concelman) connectors are used for this cable. Types of Coxial Cable 049 TU STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) Thick Net (Range: 500 m).
Optical Fiber Cable :
Fiber is used in this type of cable. Optical fiber is a wire made of glass, plastic or silica. Information is transmitted in the form of light rays generated by LED / LASER diodes. Glass fiber is used for long distances. Works on the principle of total internal reflection. 7 Usage: For LAN and WAN connection. These types of cables are of high quality and expensive. FTTH (Fiber to the Home): High speed broadband internet facility. SC (Standard Connector / Subscriber Connector) and ST (StraightTip Connector) type connectors are used in this cable. Ethernet Cable : This type of cable is used in networks like LAN and MAN. Infrared Wave. Used for very short distance data communication. Usage : T ,V , Remote , Wireless Speaker B Wireless Media Radio Wave. These types of waves are also called radio frequency. Are electromagnetic waves that are transmitted over long distances by antennas.
A transmitter is used to send data and a receiver is used to receive data. 0 This type of wave is used in FM (Frequency Modulation) and radio, Micro Wave 0 These types of waves are electromagnetic waves. Has a higher frequency range than radio waves. Frequency Range: 3 KHz to 300 GHz. Usage: Broadcasting Cellular Network, T.V. Microwave transmission is the largest long distance transmission method. Satellite Communication 1) Information can be sent over long distances with the help of optical fiber satellites. 0 Satellite communication works on two different versions. C-Band: 4-6 GHz. KU-Band: 11-14 GHz Example: The technology that connects computers to the network with the help of GPS (Global Positioning System) satellites is called VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal). Works on the principle of questions asked so far. Ans : Full internal reflection cuter Jacket.
Network Models and Data Communication :
Network Models Main Two Types of Network Models 1) P2P (Peer 2 Peer) 2) Client Server Network P2P. P2P: Peer 2 Peer. Each computer is independent of each other. Each independent computer is called a 'Peer'. (4 → Self) Client Server Network. Large and high speed computers to store network information are called 'servers'. The computer connecting to get help from the server is called 'client'. 0 The computers in a client server network are controlled and supported by a main computer known as a 'server'. The server has control over the client. Data Communication. The movement of data is called 'data communication'.
Data transfer rate is called 'Bandwidth'. (B, ~) Bandwidth is measured in bps (bits per second) or Hz (Hertz). The act of weakening a signal is called 'Attenuation'. Data Communication Channel Types of channels based on the movement of data: 1) Simplex 2) Half Duplex-3) Full Duplex Server Based Network. Simplex A signal transmitted in one direction is called 'Simplex'. The signal only goes from the transmitter to the receiver. Example: Radio, TV Cat data packet Data is divided into small pieces. The data sent from the transmitter to the receiver in small pieces rather than all at once is called a 'data packet'.
Half Duplex signals are transmitted in both directions. Signals are transmitted from transmitter to receiver and from receiver to transmitter. But signals cannot be exchanged simultaneously. Example: Walkie Talkie Full Duplex. Signals are carried in both directions. Signals are transmitted from transmitter to receiver and from receiver to transmitter. A signal can be carried in both directions simultaneously. Example: Mobile.
